Submitted! Thanks for the effort and all the hints provided. You can find my answers below. I wanted to get them out to NIDCD ASAP so there may be some typos and "funny" English sentences, as I am not native speaker. Feel free to reuse them for the submission though.
1. What are the most significant scientific discoveries in hearing and balance, taste and smell, and voice, speech, and language that have occurred in the past five years? (Please provide references to scientific journal articles, if applicable.)
Let me start with a statement that I am long time (7 years) tinnitus sufferer and I will be giving my answers mostly related to tinnitus and associated hearing disorders, such as hyperacusis. I have learned about this survey from TinnitusTalk.com. To me most important and promising discoveries are substances such as FX-322 (Frequency Therapeutics), OTO-413 (Otonomy, Inc) and PIPE-505 (Pipeline Therapeutics), that can trigger hair cell, supporting cell and vestibulocochlear nerve regeneration and reverse sensorineural hearing loss and hopefully also alleviate or cure tinnitus. This expectation is supported by numerous hypotheses that tinnitus is most likely a side effect of sensorineural hearing loss and inner ear damage of different origins, e.g. acoustic trauma or ototoxic drugs.
2. What are the unmet needs in current research and training that may impact hearing and balance, taste and smell, and voice, speech, and language?
First and foremost unmet need is funding. Tinnitus has staggering prevalence, i.e. affects 15% of Americans. 1-2% of Americans suffer from a severe form of tinnitus that excludes them from normal life activities, leads to depression and anxiety and often is a cause of suicide, as there is no cure or even single known and effective method to alleviate tinnitus or accompanied disorders such as hyperacusis. This creates enormous burden to the society and economy. Nevertheless this does not translate to the funding that is often lacking comparing to the research activities in the other fields, e.g. mental diseases like depression that receive 10-20 times more funding than hearing disorders, and NIH funding for tinnitus is rather non-existent.
3. Describe the opportunities in hearing and balance, taste and smell, and voice, speech, and language that may be realized in the next five years.
There is certainly an opportunity to structure and make the tinnitus research more global. At the moment the tinnitus research community is scattered around the world and remains mostly unconnected, this applies also to the information about the prevalence. Another opportunities are in identifying objective measures of tinnitus and ideally biomarkers. Finally tinnitus research should get more media and public attention so it can easier gain funding. We have seen too many research projects that were stalled for months or even years because lack of funding and lack of interest from the big investors and the general public.
4. What are the greatest challenges or barriers to progress in hearing and balance, taste and smell, and voice, speech, and language?
The greatest challenge is to either convince the pharmaceutical industry that the cure for tinnitus may create reasonable profits or finding alternative route to bring the cure available to everyone. At the moment there is a dissonance between tinnitus sufferers that expect and look for the cure, and the industry that is for some reason not very motivated to find one. This is explained by unclear tinnitus prevalence, many alternative theories of tinnitus pathophysiology, lack of measured and biomarkers, ambiguous definitions. This is where public institutions such as NIDCD and NIH must intervene, because clearly the free market and self-regulation cannot bring the cure to the sufferers. Additionally the pace of the current research is very slow due to the insufficient funding and visibility.
5. What is the greatest public health need of individuals with disorders of hearing and balance, taste and smell, or voice, speech, and language that may be helped with additional research?
Apart from the cure, most important need is raising awareness and prevention. Most of us (tinnitus sufferers) learned about tinnitus when it was too late and the constant ringing in our ears became permanent part of our lives. Before the onset, we had a strong trust in the modern society that there should not be harm done leading normal life-style, listening to the music with freely available consumer devices, occasionally going to the concerts, commuting everyday using public transport (e.g. metro) or using commonly prescribed drugs. We have never received any clear warnings. There is strong disconnection between the risk factors and these who create them. There is no sense of the responsibility from these who create the risk, there is no legal obligation for such a responsibility. All of this creates a never ending source of the new sufferers, that learn about this horrible condition when it is too late for them. Finally, it is also very unfair and even unethical that the whole effort for finding the cure is now driven and often financed by the sufferers that never did anything wrong according to their knowledge and became the victims of the modern world.