Researchers either train them to be afraid of a tinnitus-like sound using some form of conditioning, such as a shock or another aversive method, or they create a kind of inverse tinnitus by playing a constant sound. When a brief moment of silence is inserted, it startles the mice.
Once tinnitus is induced through repeated exposure to loud noise, the mice either remain in a constant state of distress or stop reacting when sound is removed, because their brains are already filling in the silence.
I believe they also sometimes study this using brain scans and similar techniques.
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