I understand what you're saying, but in reality, the chances of randomly having your ears physically damaged beyond repair - and without having any control over the situation - is extremely rare. I'd say so rare in fact that it's not worth even thinking about. If something's going to happen it's going to happen. Same can be said of anything in life; tomorrow I could get hit by a bus. I can't spend my life avoiding buses, however, to the point that it gives me a life changing phobia.
The change in ones behaviour and the effect this can have on certain people's mental wellbeing, and emotional health, far outweighs the chance of encountering a random, legitimately, damaging noise. In my opinion. For most people the noises you listed shouldn't be a problem. If an alarm goes off for example, cover your ears and leave the building. The initial blast won't damage your ears. The occasional pop and bang that we all encounter, again, won't cause immediate damage (you'd have to be extremely unlucky). However, if your mindset is phobic then these sounds will cause damage because everytime something happens you will envoke a limbic response. This will trigger spikes, panic attacks, sickness, cortisol overload (which if prolonged can shrink your brain and damage your organs), depression, anxiety, etc...
I'm aware the elephant in the room is that I had an MRI which did make things worse for me, but I went into the machine aware of what might happen, and I took that risk for the shake of my shoulders. That's not what I'd consider an everyday encounter though. It would be like me deciding to go to a gig again with no ear protection and stand near the speakers. It ain't gonna happen. The rest of life for me at least will continue without me torturing myself every time I hear something loud. I've been there and done that and it made me worse. A lot worse.